Most of the images of reality on which we base our actions are really based on vicarious experience.

Most of the images of reality on which we base our actions are really based on vicarious experience.

People who believe they have the power to exercise some measure of control over their lives are healthier, more effective and more successful than those who lack faith in their ability to effect changes in their lives.

People who have a sense of self-efficacy bounce back from failure; they approach things in terms of how to handle them rather than worrying about what can go wrong.

Learning would be exceedingly laborious, not to mention hazardous, if people had to rely solely on the effects of their own actions to inform them what to do.

The content of most textbooks is perishable, but the tools of self-directedness serve one well over time.